Savage Inequalities Children in America’s Schools

Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools is a book written by Jonathan Kozol that examines the American educational system and the inequalities that exist between poor inner-city schools and more affluent suburban schools. Kozol believes that children from poor families are cheated out of a future due to the vastly underequipped, understaffed, and underfunded schools that exist in the poorer areas of the country. Between 1988 and 1990, Kozol visited schools in all parts of the country, including Camden, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; New York’s South Bronx; Chicago’s South Side; San Antonio, Texas; and East St. Louis, Missouri. He observed both schools with the lowest and highest per capita spending on students, ranging from $3,000 in New Jersey to $15,000 in Long Island, New York. As a result, he found some shocking things about America’s school system. Key Takeaways: Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol Jonathan Kozol’s book Savage Inequalities addresses the ways in which inequality persists in the American educational system.Kozol found that the amount of money school districts spend on each student varies dramatically between wealthy and poor school districts.In poorer school districts, students may lack basic supplies and school buildings are often in a state of disrepair.Kozol argues that underfunded schools contribute to higher dropout rates in poorer school districts and that funding between different school districts should be equalized. Racial and Income Inequality in Education In his visits to these schools, Kozol discovers that black and Hispanic schoolchildren are isolated from white schoolchildren and are shortchanged educationally. Racial segregation is supposed to have ended, so why are schools still segregating minority kids? In all of the states he visited, Kozol concludes that real integration has declined significantly and education for minorities and poor students has moved backward rather than forward. He notices persistent segregation and bias in poorer neighborhoods as well as drastic funding differences between schools in poor neighborhoods versus more affluent neighborhoods. The schools in the poor areas often lack the most basic needs, such as heat, textbooks and supplies, running water, and functioning sewer facilities. For instance, in an elementary school in Chicago, there are two working bathrooms for 700 students and the toilet paper and paper towels are rationed. In a New Jersey high school, only half of the English students have text books, and in a New York City high school, there are holes in the floors, plaster falling from the walls, and blackboards that are cracked so badly that students cannot write on them. Public schools in affluent neighborhoods did not have these problems. It is because of the huge gap in funding between rich and poor schools that poor schools are faced with these issues. Kozol argues that in order to give poor minority children an equal chance at education, we must close the gap between rich and poor school districts in the amount of tax money spent on education. The Lifelong Effects of Education The outcomes and consequences of this funding gap are dire, according to Kozol. As a result of the inadequate funding, students are not simply being denied basic educational needs, but their future is also deeply affected. There is severe overcrowding in these schools, along with teacher salaries that are too low to attract good teachers. These, in turn, lead to inner-city children’s low levels of academic performance, high dropout rates, classroom discipline problems, and low levels of college attendance. To Kozol, the nationwide problem of high school dropouts is a result of society and this unequal educational system, not a lack of individual motivation. Kozol’s solution to the problem, then, is to spend more tax money on poor schoolchildren and in the inner-city school districts in order to equalize spending between school districts. Educational Inequalities in America Today While Kozol’s book was first published in 1991, the issues he raised continue to affect American schools today. In 2016, The New York Times reported on an analysis by researchers of approximately 200 million student test scores. The researchers found inequalities between wealthier school districts and poorer ones, as well as inequalities within school districts. In August 2018, NPRÂ  reported that lead was found in the drinking water at Detroit Public Schools. In other words, the educational inequalities outlined in Kozol’s book continue to exist today.

Gatsby And Romanticism - 1148 Words

In the book The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays Jay Gatz as a man who is willing to do anything for love. He could also be considered as a romantic hero. However romantic hero does not mean a person that does everything for love. Romantic hero means someone who is rejected by his/her actions, or by society. â€Å"According to James Smith Allen, the term Romanticism has as many meanings as commentators. However, one can sketch a general definition of the movement based on its predominant rejection of classical rationality, objectivity, and universality in favor of an emotional, subjective, and personal response to the world†¦...the Romantic hero was a frequently a familial and social outcast, and defined him or her self via notions of†¦show more content†¦One day Nick Carraway the speaker of the book The Great Gatsby attended to one of Gatsby’s parties he notice Gatsby being alone on his marble steps, just watching the party go on, making no physical o r social connection with any of his guests, but Nick did not knew why was he apart from everyone else. â€Å"The nature of Mr. Tostoff’s composition eluded me, because just as it began my eyes fell on Gatsby, standing alone on the marble steps and looking from one group to another with approving eyes. His tanned skin was drawn attractively tight on his face and his short hair looked as though it were trimmed everyday. I could see nothing sinister about him. I wondered if the fact that he was not drinking helped to set him off from his guests, for it seemed to me that he grew more correct as the fraternal hilarity increased.†(pg-50). This quote is very important because it gives the reader an understanding on Gatsby’s personality, on the way that he acts around other people. Gatsby isolated himself when the love of his life left him and married someone else. He wanted to get her back so he isolated himself from everything that did not had to do with his love Daisy, he made money, bought a house, and throw expensive parties to impress Daisy, so he can get her back and have some company in his life. Gatsby used to think he was in love with Daisy and that everything he did was for her, but in reality all the stuff he was doing wasShow MoreRelatedRomanticism In The Great Gatsby Analysis867 Words   |  4 PagesF. 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Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons Free Essays

Belinda Johnson EN 371-51 Dr. La Guardia, David November 15, 2011 A. One pro/con response to a recent article or articles of criticism on any of the texts in the course. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pros and Cons of Emily Dickinson As discussed in class, the difficulty of poetry could go a far distance. There is no introduction, background or prologue to poetry. It is often a story within a few lines. So, when reading poetry it is important to recognize and understand the metaphors and the symbolism that it contains. It is also critical to know all the definitions of the words in the poem. When reading the late, great Emily Dickinson’s poems the comprehension criteria of poetry should not fall short. Along with Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson has been referred to as the grandparent of poetry. She has live a recluse life, one of which she preferred to spend in confinement. Very private, Dickinson has written hundreds of poems, 1,775 to be exact. Yet, only seven of her poems were published during her life time, none with her full consent. Her criteria of a poem was this, â€Å"If I read a book and it makes my whole body so cold no fire can ever warm me I know that is poetry. If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry. These are the only way I know it. Is there any other way. † In poetry, Dickinson is often fascinated by nature, death, pain, love and God. In her poems Dickinson often speaks elliptically. That said, when reading Dickinson’s poems, we must dot the I’s and cross the T’s that we think are not L’s. We must make our own interpretation because Emily would not have wanted us to interpret them at all. This is where the window is open to much criticism that maybe a pro or con to how others view Dickinson and her work. This is where we unknowingly hyperbolae words or phrases that should be litotilate. With the complexity of some of Dickinson’s poems, it is always nice to find reviews on Dickinson and her works. There are many ways Dickinson’s poems could be interpreted and some of her poems often give reason for others. For example, one of her short poems states, â€Å"The Riddle we can guess/We speedily dispise-/ Not anything is stale so long/ As Yesterday’s surprise-â€Å". Emily has many poems that are riddles. This poem explains that a riddle should not be easily figured out or it is not a riddle at all and is often disliked. Rad also  We grow accustomed to the dark This poem is also stating that no riddle should be too hard to crack and once it is crack it quickly become old news. This goes back to a poem being an explanation in just a few lines. I placed my understanding of this poem, yet a previous professor of mines by the name of Thomas Hayes would disagree. He believes that this poem does not explains Dickinson’s poetic riddles, but is symbolically explaining that once we find out what is going to happen in the future, it quickly becomes the past and we are no longer interested. This is an example of how criticism and interpretation can be taken in many ways with Dickinson’s poems. There are numerous articles of Emily Dickenson in the New York Times. Most of which praise her as a writer, a poet, and an artist. In the art review section of the NY Times journalist, Genocchio had this to say about Dickinson, â€Å"Dickinson’s posthumous popularity has since grown to a point where, along with Walt Whitman, she is widely admired as one of the two best American poets of the 19th century. Genocchio has written a full article on Emily Dickinson’s inspirational poems. He explains that because of her seclusion from the outside world and even though she has two biographies, the best way to understand Dickinson is through her poems. It is through her poems and her delicate choice of words that we find her love for nature or as a philosopher named Kant would say, her art and beauty. This article is very helpful to those that have trouble understandi ng Dickinson as a writer because Genocchio does not bash Dickinson for her complexity, but embraces it. This article connects Dickinson to artists such as painters which may be a more simplistic way to view Dickinson’s work because she often tells a story through her vision of things. Genocchio discusses how Dickinson is the inspiration to a numerous amount of paintings. She is the influential drive of many artist. Emily Dickinson is the brush of da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Margo Jefferson is another journalist of the New York Times that wrote an article on Emily Dickinson. Jefferson states, â€Å"Dickinson is honored, even worshiped by writers (including me). She is studied ravenously by scholars. Plenty of readers love her. But plenty are still put off. † This is true; many understand and appreciate Dickinson for her contribution to poetry. Yet, many do not understand her life style, her poetry and her reasoning of things. Some of Dickinson’s views are too complex to comprehend, her feelings are sometimes intricate and brutally honest and this could intimidate or maybe even deter some readers and writers. Jefferson also states, â€Å"Dickinson’s fame has always been fed by myth. She was the virgin poetess dressed in white, the tremulous daughter who never left her father’s house, the maiden who turned to art because she was thwarted in love. † This critique I do not agree with. Dickinson is not a product myths, she is not a story told but is a story that is read. Though her story may make her seem as that of a virgin poetess but it is through poetry that she has climaxed to the top. She did not turn to art because she was missing love, but her poems produce both art and love of many things to her readers. I think this article is very opinionated and could easily be misleading. It is criticism that is based off emotion and not fact that gives Dickinson a bad name. It says a lot about the ignorance of the critic. One of the most common sites to browse when having issues fully understanding a piece of literature or when and extra analysis is needed is Spark Notes. Spark Notes prepare character analysis, background analysis and even explains themes, motifs and symbolism of different text. When reviewing the analysis of Dickinson and her poems on Spark Notes some of the ideas and understandings were useful and some weren’t. Some of the analysis I agreed with and others I did not. For example Spark Notes state, â€Å"she explores her own feelings with painstaking and often painful honesty but never loses sight of their universal poetic application; one of her greatest techniques is to write about the particulars of her own emotions in a kind of universal homiletic or adage-like tone (â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes†) that seems to describe the reader’s mind as well as it does the poet’s. † This is very true about Dickinson. It is often easy to relate to Dickinson in her poems because she makes her personal feelings universal and she often includes the reader with poems such as â€Å"I’m nobody! Who re you? † or â€Å"The Soul selects her own society†. Yet, Spark Note goes on to say, â€Å"Dickinson is not a â€Å"philosophical poet†; unlike Wordsworth or Yeats, she makes no effort to organize her thoughts and feelings into a coherent, unified worldview. Rather, her poems simply record thou ghts and feelings experienced naturally over the course of a lifetime devoted to reflection and creativity: the powerful mind represented in these records is by turns astonishing, compelling, moving, and thought-provoking, and emerges much more vividly than if Dickinson had orchestrated her work according to a preconceived philosophical system. Although Dickinson’s poems may seem random, when reading them they appear amalgamated and deeply expressed whether it is four lines or ten. She is very philosophical in her words and had nothing but time in her private life to invest in her preconceived thoughts, reflection and creativity. Though I do not fully agree with this particular statement by Spark Notes, I believe that its analysis article properly describes and explains Dickinson and her poetry. Emily Dickinson is often praised and criticized for her work of art. Though she is brutally honest and intimidating in her poetry, she brings out the beauty of life and nature. She may sometimes seem intrinsic in thought, but she is morally and universally simplistic. Dickinson tells stories through her poetry and though she may fiddle with riddles and appear difficult to understand, it parallels her life. This is why she is often criticized. All critiques have its pros and cons, but not all of it is helpful. How to cite Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons, Papers

Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons Free Essays

Belinda Johnson EN 371-51 Dr. La Guardia, David November 15, 2011 A. One pro/con response to a recent article or articles of criticism on any of the texts in the course. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pros and Cons of Emily Dickinson As discussed in class, the difficulty of poetry could go a far distance. There is no introduction, background or prologue to poetry. It is often a story within a few lines. So, when reading poetry it is important to recognize and understand the metaphors and the symbolism that it contains. It is also critical to know all the definitions of the words in the poem. When reading the late, great Emily Dickinson’s poems the comprehension criteria of poetry should not fall short. Along with Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson has been referred to as the grandparent of poetry. She has live a recluse life, one of which she preferred to spend in confinement. Very private, Dickinson has written hundreds of poems, 1,775 to be exact. Yet, only seven of her poems were published during her life time, none with her full consent. Her criteria of a poem was this, â€Å"If I read a book and it makes my whole body so cold no fire can ever warm me I know that is poetry. If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry. These are the only way I know it. Is there any other way. † In poetry, Dickinson is often fascinated by nature, death, pain, love and God. In her poems Dickinson often speaks elliptically. That said, when reading Dickinson’s poems, we must dot the I’s and cross the T’s that we think are not L’s. We must make our own interpretation because Emily would not have wanted us to interpret them at all. This is where the window is open to much criticism that maybe a pro or con to how others view Dickinson and her work. This is where we unknowingly hyperbolae words or phrases that should be litotilate. With the complexity of some of Dickinson’s poems, it is always nice to find reviews on Dickinson and her works. There are many ways Dickinson’s poems could be interpreted and some of her poems often give reason for others. For example, one of her short poems states, â€Å"The Riddle we can guess/We speedily dispise-/ Not anything is stale so long/ As Yesterday’s surprise-â€Å". Emily has many poems that are riddles. This poem explains that a riddle should not be easily figured out or it is not a riddle at all and is often disliked. Rad also  We grow accustomed to the dark This poem is also stating that no riddle should be too hard to crack and once it is crack it quickly become old news. This goes back to a poem being an explanation in just a few lines. I placed my understanding of this poem, yet a previous professor of mines by the name of Thomas Hayes would disagree. He believes that this poem does not explains Dickinson’s poetic riddles, but is symbolically explaining that once we find out what is going to happen in the future, it quickly becomes the past and we are no longer interested. This is an example of how criticism and interpretation can be taken in many ways with Dickinson’s poems. There are numerous articles of Emily Dickenson in the New York Times. Most of which praise her as a writer, a poet, and an artist. In the art review section of the NY Times journalist, Genocchio had this to say about Dickinson, â€Å"Dickinson’s posthumous popularity has since grown to a point where, along with Walt Whitman, she is widely admired as one of the two best American poets of the 19th century. Genocchio has written a full article on Emily Dickinson’s inspirational poems. He explains that because of her seclusion from the outside world and even though she has two biographies, the best way to understand Dickinson is through her poems. It is through her poems and her delicate choice of words that we find her love for nature or as a philosopher named Kant would say, her art and beauty. This article is very helpful to those that have trouble understandi ng Dickinson as a writer because Genocchio does not bash Dickinson for her complexity, but embraces it. This article connects Dickinson to artists such as painters which may be a more simplistic way to view Dickinson’s work because she often tells a story through her vision of things. Genocchio discusses how Dickinson is the inspiration to a numerous amount of paintings. She is the influential drive of many artist. Emily Dickinson is the brush of da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Margo Jefferson is another journalist of the New York Times that wrote an article on Emily Dickinson. Jefferson states, â€Å"Dickinson is honored, even worshiped by writers (including me). She is studied ravenously by scholars. Plenty of readers love her. But plenty are still put off. † This is true; many understand and appreciate Dickinson for her contribution to poetry. Yet, many do not understand her life style, her poetry and her reasoning of things. Some of Dickinson’s views are too complex to comprehend, her feelings are sometimes intricate and brutally honest and this could intimidate or maybe even deter some readers and writers. Jefferson also states, â€Å"Dickinson’s fame has always been fed by myth. She was the virgin poetess dressed in white, the tremulous daughter who never left her father’s house, the maiden who turned to art because she was thwarted in love. † This critique I do not agree with. Dickinson is not a product myths, she is not a story told but is a story that is read. Though her story may make her seem as that of a virgin poetess but it is through poetry that she has climaxed to the top. She did not turn to art because she was missing love, but her poems produce both art and love of many things to her readers. I think this article is very opinionated and could easily be misleading. It is criticism that is based off emotion and not fact that gives Dickinson a bad name. It says a lot about the ignorance of the critic. One of the most common sites to browse when having issues fully understanding a piece of literature or when and extra analysis is needed is Spark Notes. Spark Notes prepare character analysis, background analysis and even explains themes, motifs and symbolism of different text. When reviewing the analysis of Dickinson and her poems on Spark Notes some of the ideas and understandings were useful and some weren’t. Some of the analysis I agreed with and others I did not. For example Spark Notes state, â€Å"she explores her own feelings with painstaking and often painful honesty but never loses sight of their universal poetic application; one of her greatest techniques is to write about the particulars of her own emotions in a kind of universal homiletic or adage-like tone (â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes†) that seems to describe the reader’s mind as well as it does the poet’s. † This is very true about Dickinson. It is often easy to relate to Dickinson in her poems because she makes her personal feelings universal and she often includes the reader with poems such as â€Å"I’m nobody! Who re you? † or â€Å"The Soul selects her own society†. Yet, Spark Note goes on to say, â€Å"Dickinson is not a â€Å"philosophical poet†; unlike Wordsworth or Yeats, she makes no effort to organize her thoughts and feelings into a coherent, unified worldview. Rather, her poems simply record thou ghts and feelings experienced naturally over the course of a lifetime devoted to reflection and creativity: the powerful mind represented in these records is by turns astonishing, compelling, moving, and thought-provoking, and emerges much more vividly than if Dickinson had orchestrated her work according to a preconceived philosophical system. Although Dickinson’s poems may seem random, when reading them they appear amalgamated and deeply expressed whether it is four lines or ten. She is very philosophical in her words and had nothing but time in her private life to invest in her preconceived thoughts, reflection and creativity. Though I do not fully agree with this particular statement by Spark Notes, I believe that its analysis article properly describes and explains Dickinson and her poetry. Emily Dickinson is often praised and criticized for her work of art. Though she is brutally honest and intimidating in her poetry, she brings out the beauty of life and nature. She may sometimes seem intrinsic in thought, but she is morally and universally simplistic. Dickinson tells stories through her poetry and though she may fiddle with riddles and appear difficult to understand, it parallels her life. This is why she is often criticized. All critiques have its pros and cons, but not all of it is helpful. How to cite Emily Dickinson Pros/Cons, Papers

Template for Preparation of Papers for IEEE Sponso Essays

( Template for Preparation of Papers for IEEE Sponsored Conferences & Symposia Frank Anderson, Sam B. Niles, Jr., and Theodore C. Donald, Member, IEEE Abstract-These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE conferences. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this document as a "template" to prepare your manuscript. For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper submission system as well as the Conference website. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the bottom of this column. INTRODUCTION T HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later. If you are reading a paper version of this document, please download the electronic file, ieeeconf_letter.dot (for letter sized paper: 8.5" x 11") or ieeeconf_A4.dot (for A4 sized paper: 210mm x 297mm) and save to MS Word templates directory. The template to produce your conference paper is available at www.paperplaza.net/support/support.html. To create your own document, from within MS Word, open a new document using File | New then select ieeeconf_letter.dot (for letter sized paper) or ieeeconf_A4.dot (for A4 sized paper). All instructions beyond this point are from IEEE. Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this document as a "template" to prepare your manuscript. For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper submission system as well as the Conference website. If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference editor concerning acceptable word processor formats for your particular conference. When you open ieeeconf_letter.doc or ieeeconf_A4.doc, select "Page Layout" from the "View" menu in the menu bar (View | Page Layout), which allows you to see the footnotes. Then type over sections of the sample file, either ieeeconf_letter.doc or ieeeconf_A4.doc or simply cut and paste from another document and then use markup styles. The pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example, the style at this point in the document is "Text"). Highlight a section that you want to designate with a certain style, then select the appropriate name on the style menu. The style will adjust your fonts and line spacing. Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline. To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste Special | Picture (with "Float over text" unchecked). IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper. If your paper is intended for a conference, please observe the conference page limits. Procedure for Paper Submission 1 Review Stage Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this document as a "template" to prepare your manuscript. For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper submission system as well as the Conference website. Please check with your editor on whether to submit your manuscript by hard copy or electronically for review. If hard copy, submit photocopies such that only one column appears per page. This will give your referees plenty of room to write comments. Send the number of copies specified by your editor (typically four). If submitted electronically, find out if your editor prefers submissions on disk or as e-mail attachments. If you want to submit your file with one column electronically, please do the following: --First, click on the View menu and choose Print Layout. --Second, place your cursor in the first paragraph. Go to the Format menu, choose Columns, choose one column Layout, and choose "apply to whole document" from the dropdown menu. --Third, click and drag the right margin bar to just over 4 inches in width. The graphics will stay in the "second" column, but you can drag them to the first column. Make the graphic wider to push out any text that may try to fill in next to the graphic. 2 Final Stage Instructions about final paper and figure submissions in this document are for IEEE journals; please use this document as a "template" to prepare your manuscript. For submission guidelines, follow instructions on paper submission system as well as the Conference website. When you submit your final version, after your paper has been

Free Essays on Ellen Foster Vs. The Puritans

Ellen Foster vs. The Puritans This novel Ellen Foster is a very unique piece of literature that conveys meaning and peace to people’s hearts. It is a very tasteful novel, if you like the sentimental way of life, and all the trials that this little girl went through. The author, Kaye Gibbons, is a very unique, well, creative person. I can tell that just by reading her work. She feels that there is a message that someone can get out of her novels, so I think that it so great that she produces novels and then see publicize them. The Puritans are very similar to Ellen Foster, because of the way that their religion brought them up. In this essay I will tell the ways of the Puritan life style tie into Ellen Foster. Ellen Foster is a little girl that is being abused by her father mentally and physical, but through it all she has faith that someone will come along and save her from this monster that she called a father. The Puritan life style is very religious based, because with everything in the 18th century (including the major historical thing that happened, the migration to the â€Å"new world† known now as America). They had faith, no matter what the situation was they would hold to their beliefs. Ellen was a girl that had very little friends and her family was really didn’t care that much for her since her mother had died and she was being raised by her father. Her grandmother talked down on everything that Ellen tried to do all, because of the hatred that she had for Ellen’s father. Regardless of the all that bitterness that she was enduring from her family, she never gave up hope. The Puritans are similar in various ways, but one way really stands out. This is their belief of predestination of your afterlife destination, meaning that your destination of heaven or hell is already known before you were born. This also came with the terms of purifying Anglicanism. The novel Ellen Foster is a great way to analyze your life or... Free Essays on Ellen Foster Vs. The Puritans Free Essays on Ellen Foster Vs. The Puritans Ellen Foster vs. The Puritans This novel Ellen Foster is a very unique piece of literature that conveys meaning and peace to people’s hearts. It is a very tasteful novel, if you like the sentimental way of life, and all the trials that this little girl went through. The author, Kaye Gibbons, is a very unique, well, creative person. I can tell that just by reading her work. She feels that there is a message that someone can get out of her novels, so I think that it so great that she produces novels and then see publicize them. The Puritans are very similar to Ellen Foster, because of the way that their religion brought them up. In this essay I will tell the ways of the Puritan life style tie into Ellen Foster. Ellen Foster is a little girl that is being abused by her father mentally and physical, but through it all she has faith that someone will come along and save her from this monster that she called a father. The Puritan life style is very religious based, because with everything in the 18th century (including the major historical thing that happened, the migration to the â€Å"new world† known now as America). They had faith, no matter what the situation was they would hold to their beliefs. Ellen was a girl that had very little friends and her family was really didn’t care that much for her since her mother had died and she was being raised by her father. Her grandmother talked down on everything that Ellen tried to do all, because of the hatred that she had for Ellen’s father. Regardless of the all that bitterness that she was enduring from her family, she never gave up hope. The Puritans are similar in various ways, but one way really stands out. This is their belief of predestination of your afterlife destination, meaning that your destination of heaven or hell is already known before you were born. This also came with the terms of purifying Anglicanism. The novel Ellen Foster is a great way to analyze your life or...

Iron Cage - Max Webers Theory of Rationality

Iron Cage - Max Webers Theory of Rationality One of the theoretical concepts that Max Weber, founding sociologist, is most well known for is the iron cage. Weber first presented this theory in his important and widely taught work,  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, however, he  wrote in German, so never actually used the phrase himself. It was American sociologist Talcott Parsons who coined it, in his original translation of Webers book, published in 1930. In the original work, Weber referred to a  stahlhartes Gehuse, which literally translated means housing hard as steel. Parsons translation into iron cage, though, is largely accepted as an accurate rendering of the metaphor offered by Weber. Understanding Webers Iron Cage In  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber presented a carefully researched historical account of how a strong Protestant work ethic and belief in living frugally helped foster the development of the capitalist economic system in the Western world. Weber explained that as the force of Protestantism decreased in social life over time, the system of capitalism remained, as did the social structure and principles of bureaucracy that had evolved along with it. This bureaucratic social structure, and the values, beliefs, and worldviews that supported and sustained it, became central to shaping social life. It was this very phenomenon that Weber conceived of as an iron cage. The reference to this concept comes on page 181 of Parsons translation. It reads: The Puritan wanted to work in a calling; we are forced to do so. For when asceticism was carried out of monastic cells into everyday life, and began to dominant worldly morality, it did its part in building the tremendous cosmos of the modern economic order. Simply put, Weber suggests that the technological and economic relationships that organized and grew out of capitalist production became themselves fundamental forces in society. Thus, if you are born into a society organized this way, with the division of labor and hierarchical social structure that comes with it, you cant help but live within this system. As such, ones life and worldview are shaped by it to such an extent that one probably cant even imagine what an alternative way of life would look like. So, those born into the cage live out its dictates, and in doing so, reproduce the cage in perpetuity. For this reason, Weber considered the iron cage a massive hindrance to freedom. Why Sociologists Embrace Webers Iron Cage This concept proved very useful to social theorists and researchers who followed Weber. Most notably, the  critical theorists associated with the Frankfurt School  in Germany, who were active during the middle of the twentieth century, elaborated on this concept. They witnessed further technological developments and their impact on capitalist production and culture  and saw that these only intensified the ability of the iron cage to shape and constrain our behavior and thought. Webers concept remains important to sociologists today because the iron cage of techno-rational thought, practices, relations, and capitalism   now a global system   shows no signs of disintegrating anytime soon. The influence of this iron cage leads to some very serious problems that social scientists and others are now working to solve. For example, how can we overcome the force of the iron cage to address the threats of climate change, produced by the very cage itself? And, how can we convince people that the system within the cage is  not  working in their best interest, evidenced by the shocking wealth inequality that divides many Western nations?